The endocrine and metabolic diseases of childhood obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, iodine deficiency disorders, vitamin D deficiency, and osteoporosis are major public health problems. Different programs including National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke address these problems although some are yet to be addressed. Stm bengali software 40 free download.

National surveys have shown high prevalence of these disorders and their risk factors. Most of the programs aim at awareness raising, lifestyle modification, (primary prevention) and screening (secondary prevention) for the disease conditions as these are proven to be cost-effective compared to late diagnosis and treatment of various complications. Urgent concerted full scale implementation of these programs with good coordination under the umbrella of National Rural Health Mission is the need of the moment. The referral system needs strengthening as are the secondary and tertiary levels of health care. Due attention is to be given for implementation of these programs in the urban areas, as the prevalence of these conditions is almost equal or even higher among urban poor people where primary and secondary prevention measures are scarcely available and treatment costs are sky-high. I NTRODUCTION The prevention and control of diseases of public health importance is the major goal of National Health Programs.

Since independence, there have been many national programs that have concentrated on issues such as population stabilization, maternal and child health, malaria, filariasis, tuberculosis, leprosy, and HIV. Most of the programs were vertical (i.e.,) separate health structures and personnel with strong central management catering to the control of those individual problems. Some amount of integration happened as and when the target levels of the programs were achieved, but many continued to remain as vertical. S URVEILLANCE OF R ISK F ACTORS OF N ON-C OMMUNICABLE D ISEASES So far in India, disease surveillance has been predominantly focused on communicable diseases. Although there were some efforts during the ninth and the tenth five-year plans, only in the draft of the 11 th five year plan, was there a mention of an objective on surveillance for NCD risk factors.[] Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched in November 2004 to detect and respond to disease outbreaks quickly. Under IDSP, regular periodic surveys were planned for NCD risk factors such as anthropometry, physical activity, blood pressure, tobacco, nutrition etc.

The phase I of NCD risk factors survey was carried out in 2007-08 among the population aged 15-64 years in seven states namely AP, Kerala, MP, Maharashtra, Mizoram, TN, and Uttarkhand. The report of this survey gave baseline data on NCD risk factors among Indian Population.[] But, the phase II and III risk factor survey among the rest of the states is not yet initiated. Uchebnik pupil s book 1 for kazakhstan. Realizing the high prevalence of NCD risk factors in India, the cabinet committee in 2010 approved the National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS).